Going into retirement is one of the best times to try to give up smoking, new research has revealed ahead of No Smoking Day.
Researchers at the Peninsula Medical School in south-west England made the discovery after studying 1,712 smokers aged 50 and over during a six-year period.
The results showed that 42.5 per cent of those who had recently retired had quit smoking compared with 29.3 per cent of those in employment and 30.2 for those who were already retired.
Dr Iain Lang said the point of retirement may be one of the easiest times to quit smoking as it is 'one of the great transitions in life', making it easier for people to make significant changes in other areas of their lives.
'Retirement is a point of life at which people have a whole range of opportunities to do things they haven't previously felt able to do,' he added.
'We are excited at the possibility that what we have seen with smoking may also apply to other aspects of lifestyle, like eating more healthily and doing more exercise.
'That would be a great result not just for the health of the individual but also because it would relieve some of the pressure placed upon the NHS by an ageing population.
Tuesday, March 11, 2008
Sunday, March 2, 2008
Rumer Willis and cigarettes
New York: Rumer Willis lights up during a visit with her dad, Bruce Willis, who is in town promoting his newest movie Live Free or Die Hard. All I know is, John McClane could never kick butt and save the nation if he was puffing away like that.
Thursday, February 28, 2008
A smoking star is loaded gun
The screenwriter Joe Eszterhas made cigarettes sexy. Now he accuses himself - and Hollywood - of murder. Ian Ball reports on the war of the weed
Joe Eszterhas, the highest paid screenwriter on the planet and the man responsible for such classics of celluloid sleaze as Basic Instinct, Showgirls and Sliver, has just apologised to the world. He is, he says, "an accomplice to the murders of untold numbers of human beings" and he begs forgiveness for the millions he stashed away in his bank account with his "bloody" hands.Murder? Blood? Repentance? Can this really be the same ebullient Joe Eszterhas who lorded it over American cinema for almost two decades in his self-created role of hairy Hungarian bad boy, the man whose screenplays and trashy characters relentlessly prodded viewers' coarsest instincts and emotions, the writer who openly revelled in his unofficial title of "the most reviled man in Hollywood"? His films may be dire - but no one has dared call them deadly. Until now.
Eszterhas's latest work - published by the New York Times - is a savage polemic against tobacco, which has caused more sharp intakes of breath than anything he has done since Basic Instinct. Writing as a reformed smoker who is "alive but maimed" after losing much of his larynx to throat cancer, he declares that tobacco "should be as illegal as heroin". With God at his side, he vows, he will end nicotine's long relationship with cinema.
"I've written 14 movies," he begins. "My characters smoke in many of them, and they look cool and glamorous doing it. Smoking was an integral part of many of my screenplays because I was a militant smoker. It was part of a bad-boy image I'd cultivated for a long time - smoking, drinking, partying, rock'n'roll.
"Smoking, I once believed, was every person's right. Efforts to stop it were politically correct, a Big Brother assault on personal freedoms. Secondhand smoke was a non-existent problem invented by professional do-gooders. I put all these views in my scripts."In Basic Instinct, smoking is part of a sexual subtext. Sharon Stone's character smokes; Michael Douglas's is trying to quit. She seduces him with literal and figurative smoke that she blows in his face. In the movie's most famous and controversial scene, she even has a cigarette in her hand."
The tobacco companies, writes Eszterhas, loved Basic Instinct so much that they launched a tie-in brand of Basic cigarettes: "My movie made a lot of money; so did their cigarette."
He has now, he says, "made a deal with God" whereby he will, if spared, "try to stop others from committing the same crimes I did."
"A cigarette in the hands of a Hollywood star is a gun aimed at a 12- or 14-year-old. The gun will go off when that kid is an adult. We in Hollywood know the gun will go off, yet we hide behind a smokescreen of phrases like 'creative freedom' and 'artistic freedom'. These lofty words are lies designed at best to obscure laziness. I know. I have told those lies.
"My hands are bloody; so are Hollywood's. My cancer has caused me to attempt to cleanse mine. I don't wish my fate upon anyone in Hollywood, but I beg that Hollywood stop imposing it upon millions of others."
This remarkable mea culpa has fed into a lively debate between those who believe Hollywood should clean up its act and the libertarian camp. There are strong opinions galore, of course, a barrage of statistics, but the missing elements include common sense, logic and a sense of individual responsibility.
It must be said that the superior firepower is in the Joe Eszterhas contrition camp. Their forces are commanded by Rob Reiner, whom we first got to know as Meathead in the Archie Bunker sitcom All in the Family and who is now revered by many as Hollywood's Intellectual in Residence.
As co-founder of Castle Rock Entertainment, he was converted to the anti-smoking cause in 2000 when he saw Proof of Life, one of the films his studio had just released. "I thought, Wow, why is Meg Ryan smoking up a storm?" he recalled. "It didn't add to the plot."
Today Castle Rock has a policy of discouraging tobacco use. Any director, scriptwriter or actor who wants to light up on screen must first talk to Reiner. "They have to make a really good case," he says. "Movies are basically advertising cigarettes to kids."
Reiner gets his scientific backing from Dr Stanton Glantz, professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, and a tireless campaigner for the cause. He recently published a study, funded by the National Cancer Institute, showing that on average the 20 top-grossing films featured 50 per cent more smoking instances an hour in 2000 than in 1960. The American Lung Association also seeks to hold Hollywood accountable, claiming that 61 per cent of tobacco use in films last year occurred in films rated G, PG and PG-13, the films children can see without an adult.
Tuesday, February 26, 2008
Anil Kapoor has quit smoking for the love of his daughter Sonam
Since daughter Sonam got a dream offer from Sanjay Leela Bhansali in his film 'Saawariya', father Anil Kapor's has been really anxious about the success of her debut vehicle. As a personal contribution, to ensure the success, he vowed to give up smoking till the film is released. Therefore, for the last one and a half years, since Sonam started shooting for the film, Kapoor has not smoked a single cigarette. When called, Kapoor was surprised how we found out about this very private commitment. He says, "I am not really a regular smoker, but I love my cigarettes once in a while. There were certain occasions when I'd love smoking, but yes, since Sonam started shooting for 'Saawariya', I vowed that I would not touch a cigarette till her film is released. I do miss smoking a lot, but a promise is a promise. This is not a mannat, but just a belief that if I give up something, probably it will help my daughter." Kapoor is waiting anxiously for November 9 when 'Saawariya' will be released. "Soon after, I'll definitely smoke a cigarette," he says with a smile.
Thursday, February 14, 2008
Life in Mexico
All tobacco grown upon the island of Cuba is not of the finest quality; the majority of it is far inferior to the
best Mexican coast tobacco. The value of the tobacco lands of this last mentioned country has not been fully
developed. The variety of soil, exposure, climate, and atmospheric influences are greater than can possibly be
in Cuba, and when the best is discovered, combining all the requisites, which undoubtedly will be the case
with an increased culture of the plant, it will be found to be equal to the Vuelta Abogo of Cuba, and much
more extensive. The subject of tobacco lands, evidently, is not well understood in Mexico, as it must be, from
great experience, in Cuba. All of these varieties of lands and circumstances exist in Mexico, and it is safe to
predict that, at some day, this country will stand pre-eminent over all others in this industry.
We extract the following from the Tobacco Leaf in regard to cigar-making in Cuba:--
"The rule is that a cigar-maker devotes all his ingenuity and diligence to one class of goods. For example, one
workman makes only Londres; another only Regalias; another only Milores Communes; and so on. In the
Cuban's factory the operatives are allowed to smoke as many cigars as they like when at work; and to take
home with them, when they leave work in the evening, five cigars each. The immigration of Chinese laborers
into Cuba has modified, and must further modify, the labor market there. In the cigarette factories at Havana,
Chinese workmen are almost exclusively employed. Though objectionable for many of their moral habits,
these workmen are nevertheless docile, ingenious, laborious, and contented."
A writer, alluding to the manufacture of cigars, says:--
"The colors or strengths are Amarillo Claro, bright yellow; Amarillo Obscuro, dark yellow; Claro, bright;
Colorado Claro, bright red; Colorado, red; Colorado Obscuro, dark red; Colorado Maduro, red-ripe or
mellow; Maduro, ripe or mellow; Maduro Obscuro, dark ripe or mellow; Pajizo Claro, bright straw-colored;
Pajizo, straw-colored; Pajizo Obscuro, dark straw-colored; Fuerte, strong or heavy; Entre Fuerte, rather
strong or heavy; Flajo, light. Then there are the indications of the qualities:--Superfine; Firo, not quite so fine;
Flor, finest or firsts; Superior, next, or seconds; Buenos, next, or thirds. The cigar has a notable history. Firsthas to be determined the part of the plant from which it is taken; then the part of the leaf from which it is
taken, the tobacco being best which is furthest away from the root or middle of the leaf. One elaborate process
follows another for the perfection of a work of art--for as such we must regard a cigar."
Hazard, in his admirable work on Cuba, devotes considerable space to cigars, their manufacture, varieties, and
use, in which he speaks of the various brands as follows:--
"The brands known as 'Yara Mayau,' and the 'Guisa,' are perhaps the most celebrated made upon the Island.
Of the 'Yara,' which has some considerable reputation, particularly in the London market, I confess I cannot
speak favorably. Cigars that I smoked made from this leaf, and which are much smoked in the vicinity of
Santiago de Cuba, I found had a peculiar saline taste which was very unpleasant, as also a slight degree of
bitterness; many smokers, however, become very fond of this flavor. When I state that in Havana alone there
are over one hundred and twenty-five manufacturers of cigars, it will readily be understood there must be a
great many inferior cigars made even in Cuba. Havana may be called the 'City of cigars,' from its reputation
and the immense number of factories there are in it for the manufacture of cigars, from the smallest shop
opening on the street, employing three or four hands to the immense fabricos erected expressly for this
purpose, and employing five or six hundred.
best Mexican coast tobacco. The value of the tobacco lands of this last mentioned country has not been fully
developed. The variety of soil, exposure, climate, and atmospheric influences are greater than can possibly be
in Cuba, and when the best is discovered, combining all the requisites, which undoubtedly will be the case
with an increased culture of the plant, it will be found to be equal to the Vuelta Abogo of Cuba, and much
more extensive. The subject of tobacco lands, evidently, is not well understood in Mexico, as it must be, from
great experience, in Cuba. All of these varieties of lands and circumstances exist in Mexico, and it is safe to
predict that, at some day, this country will stand pre-eminent over all others in this industry.
We extract the following from the Tobacco Leaf in regard to cigar-making in Cuba:--
"The rule is that a cigar-maker devotes all his ingenuity and diligence to one class of goods. For example, one
workman makes only Londres; another only Regalias; another only Milores Communes; and so on. In the
Cuban's factory the operatives are allowed to smoke as many cigars as they like when at work; and to take
home with them, when they leave work in the evening, five cigars each. The immigration of Chinese laborers
into Cuba has modified, and must further modify, the labor market there. In the cigarette factories at Havana,
Chinese workmen are almost exclusively employed. Though objectionable for many of their moral habits,
these workmen are nevertheless docile, ingenious, laborious, and contented."
A writer, alluding to the manufacture of cigars, says:--
"The colors or strengths are Amarillo Claro, bright yellow; Amarillo Obscuro, dark yellow; Claro, bright;
Colorado Claro, bright red; Colorado, red; Colorado Obscuro, dark red; Colorado Maduro, red-ripe or
mellow; Maduro, ripe or mellow; Maduro Obscuro, dark ripe or mellow; Pajizo Claro, bright straw-colored;
Pajizo, straw-colored; Pajizo Obscuro, dark straw-colored; Fuerte, strong or heavy; Entre Fuerte, rather
strong or heavy; Flajo, light. Then there are the indications of the qualities:--Superfine; Firo, not quite so fine;
Flor, finest or firsts; Superior, next, or seconds; Buenos, next, or thirds. The cigar has a notable history. Firsthas to be determined the part of the plant from which it is taken; then the part of the leaf from which it is
taken, the tobacco being best which is furthest away from the root or middle of the leaf. One elaborate process
follows another for the perfection of a work of art--for as such we must regard a cigar."
Hazard, in his admirable work on Cuba, devotes considerable space to cigars, their manufacture, varieties, and
use, in which he speaks of the various brands as follows:--
"The brands known as 'Yara Mayau,' and the 'Guisa,' are perhaps the most celebrated made upon the Island.
Of the 'Yara,' which has some considerable reputation, particularly in the London market, I confess I cannot
speak favorably. Cigars that I smoked made from this leaf, and which are much smoked in the vicinity of
Santiago de Cuba, I found had a peculiar saline taste which was very unpleasant, as also a slight degree of
bitterness; many smokers, however, become very fond of this flavor. When I state that in Havana alone there
are over one hundred and twenty-five manufacturers of cigars, it will readily be understood there must be a
great many inferior cigars made even in Cuba. Havana may be called the 'City of cigars,' from its reputation
and the immense number of factories there are in it for the manufacture of cigars, from the smallest shop
opening on the street, employing three or four hands to the immense fabricos erected expressly for this
purpose, and employing five or six hundred.
Bibliography of Tobacco-Related Literature
Epidemiology/Surveillance: Women and Smoking
1. Acevedo MC. The role of acculturation in explaining ethnic differences in the prenatal health-risk behaviors, mental health, and parenting beliefs of Mexican American and European American at-risk women. Child Abuse & Neglect 2000;24(1):111oe127.
2. Alcalay R. Perceptions about prenatal care among health providers and Mexican-American community women: An exploratory study. International Quarterly of Community Health Education 1993;13(2):107oe118.
3. Balcazar H, Peterson G, and Cobas JA. Acculturation and health-related risk behaviors among Mexican American pregnant youth. American Journal of Health Behavior 1996;20(6):425oe433.
4. Brownson RC, Eyler AA, King AC, Shyu Y, Brown DR, and Homan SM. Reliability of information on physical activity and other chronic disease risk factors among U.S. women aged 40 years or older. American Journal of Epidemiology 1999;149(4):379oe391.
5. Camilli AE, McElroy L, and Reed K. Smoking behavior during pregnancy among hispanics and non-hispanic whites. Journal of Clinical Research 1993;41:A88.
6. Camilli AE, McElroy LF, and Reed KL. Smoking and pregnancy: A comparison of Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white women. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1994;84(6):1033oe1037.
7. Cobas JA, Balcazar H, Benin MB, Keith VN, and Chong Y. Acculturation and low-birthweight infants among Latino women: A reanalysis of HHANES data with structural equation models. American Journal of Public Health 1996;86(3):394oe397.
8. Cook AK and Starzyk P. County variation in the rate of smoking for teen mothers. American Journal of Health Behavior 2000;24(5):379oe386.
9. Coonrod DV, Balcazar H, Brady J, Garcia S, and Van Tine M. Smoking, acculturation and family cohesion in Mexican-American women. Ethnicity & Disease 1999;9(3):434oe440.
10. Cramer JC, Bell K, and Vaast K. Race, ethnicity, and the determinants of low birthweight in the U.S. Presentation. The Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America Washington, DC, March 1991.
11. Frisbee WP, Forbes D, and Hummer RA. Hispanic pregnancy outcomes: Additional evidence. Social Science Quarterly 1998;79(1):149oe169.
12. Fuentes-Afflick E, Hessol NA, and Perez-Stable EJ. Testing the epidemiologic paradox of low birth weight in Latinos. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 1999;153(2):147oe153.
13. Gilliland FD, Berhane K, McConnell R, Gauderman WJ, Vora H, Rappaport EB, Avol E, and Peters JM. Maternal smoking during pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and childhood lung function. Thorax 2000;55(4):271oe276.
14. Guendelman S and Abrams B. Dietary, alcohol, and tobacco intake among Mexican-American women of childbearing age: Results from HANES data. American Journal of Health Promotion 1994;8(5):363oe372.
15. Guendelman S, English P, and Chavez G. The effects of maternal health behaviors and other risk factors on immunization status among Mexican-American infants. Pediatrics 1995;95(6):823oe828.16. Hanson MJ. The theory of planned behavior applied to cigarette smoking in African-American, Puerto Rican, and non-Hispanic white teenage females. Nursing Research 1997;46(3):155oe162.
17. Hickey CA, Cliver SP, McNeal SF, and Goldenberg RL. Low pregravid body mass index as a risk factor for preterm birth: Variation by ethnic group. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1997;89(2):206oe212.
18. Juarbe TC. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Latina women. Review. Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing 1998;13(2):17oe27.
19. LeClere FB and Wilson JB. Smoking behavior of recent mothers, 18oe44 years of age, before and after pregnancy: United States, 1990. Advance Data 25 July 1997;(288):111.
20. McFarlane J, Parker B, and Soeken K. Physical abuse, smoking, and substance use during pregnancy: Prevalence, interrelationships, and effects on birth weight. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing 1996;25(4):313oe320.
21. Peterson GW, Cobas JA, Balcazar H, and Amling JW. Acculturation and risk behavior among pregnant Mexican American females: A structural equation model. Sociological Inquiry 1998;68(4):536oe556.
22. Pletsch PK. Prevalence of cigarette smoking in Hispanic women of childbearing age. Nursing Research 1991;40(2):103oe106.
23. Pletsch PK and Johnson MK. The cigarette smoking experience of pregnant Latinas in the United States. Health Care for Women International 1996;17(6):549oe562.
24. Rickert VI, Wiemann CM, and Berenson AB. Ethnic differences in depressive symptomatology among young women. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2000;95(1):55oe60.
25. Sanders-Phillips K. Health promotion behavior in low income black and Latino women. Women Health 1994;21(2oe3):71oe83.
26. Sanders-Phillips K. Correlates of health promotion behaviors in low-income Black women and Latinas. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1996;12(6):450oe458.
27. Smith KW and McGraw SA. Smoking behavior of Puerto Rican women: Evidence from caretakers of adolescents in two urban areas. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 1993;15(1):140oe149.
28. Symanski E and Hertz-Picciotto I. Blood lead levels in relation to menopause, smoking, and pregnancy history. American Journal of Epidemiology 1995;141(11):1047oe1058.
29. Wiemann CM, Berenson AB, and San Miguel VV. Tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use among pregnant women: Age and racial/ethnic differences. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1994;39(10):769oe776.
30. Wiemann CM, Berenson AB, and Landwehr BM. Racial and ethnic correlates of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use in a pregnant population. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1995;40(8):571oe578.
31. Wiemann CM and Berenson AB. Factors associated with recent and discontinued alcohol use by pregnant adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health 1998;22(5):417oe423.
32. Wolff CB, Portis M, and Wolff H. Birth weight and smoking practices during pregnancy among Mexican-American women. Health Care for Women International 1993;14(3):271oe279.33. Wolff CB and Portis M. Smoking, acculturation, and pregnancy outcome among Mexican Americans. Health Care for Women International 1996;17(6):563oe573.
1. Acevedo MC. The role of acculturation in explaining ethnic differences in the prenatal health-risk behaviors, mental health, and parenting beliefs of Mexican American and European American at-risk women. Child Abuse & Neglect 2000;24(1):111oe127.
2. Alcalay R. Perceptions about prenatal care among health providers and Mexican-American community women: An exploratory study. International Quarterly of Community Health Education 1993;13(2):107oe118.
3. Balcazar H, Peterson G, and Cobas JA. Acculturation and health-related risk behaviors among Mexican American pregnant youth. American Journal of Health Behavior 1996;20(6):425oe433.
4. Brownson RC, Eyler AA, King AC, Shyu Y, Brown DR, and Homan SM. Reliability of information on physical activity and other chronic disease risk factors among U.S. women aged 40 years or older. American Journal of Epidemiology 1999;149(4):379oe391.
5. Camilli AE, McElroy L, and Reed K. Smoking behavior during pregnancy among hispanics and non-hispanic whites. Journal of Clinical Research 1993;41:A88.
6. Camilli AE, McElroy LF, and Reed KL. Smoking and pregnancy: A comparison of Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white women. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1994;84(6):1033oe1037.
7. Cobas JA, Balcazar H, Benin MB, Keith VN, and Chong Y. Acculturation and low-birthweight infants among Latino women: A reanalysis of HHANES data with structural equation models. American Journal of Public Health 1996;86(3):394oe397.
8. Cook AK and Starzyk P. County variation in the rate of smoking for teen mothers. American Journal of Health Behavior 2000;24(5):379oe386.
9. Coonrod DV, Balcazar H, Brady J, Garcia S, and Van Tine M. Smoking, acculturation and family cohesion in Mexican-American women. Ethnicity & Disease 1999;9(3):434oe440.
10. Cramer JC, Bell K, and Vaast K. Race, ethnicity, and the determinants of low birthweight in the U.S. Presentation. The Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America Washington, DC, March 1991.
11. Frisbee WP, Forbes D, and Hummer RA. Hispanic pregnancy outcomes: Additional evidence. Social Science Quarterly 1998;79(1):149oe169.
12. Fuentes-Afflick E, Hessol NA, and Perez-Stable EJ. Testing the epidemiologic paradox of low birth weight in Latinos. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 1999;153(2):147oe153.
13. Gilliland FD, Berhane K, McConnell R, Gauderman WJ, Vora H, Rappaport EB, Avol E, and Peters JM. Maternal smoking during pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and childhood lung function. Thorax 2000;55(4):271oe276.
14. Guendelman S and Abrams B. Dietary, alcohol, and tobacco intake among Mexican-American women of childbearing age: Results from HANES data. American Journal of Health Promotion 1994;8(5):363oe372.
15. Guendelman S, English P, and Chavez G. The effects of maternal health behaviors and other risk factors on immunization status among Mexican-American infants. Pediatrics 1995;95(6):823oe828.16. Hanson MJ. The theory of planned behavior applied to cigarette smoking in African-American, Puerto Rican, and non-Hispanic white teenage females. Nursing Research 1997;46(3):155oe162.
17. Hickey CA, Cliver SP, McNeal SF, and Goldenberg RL. Low pregravid body mass index as a risk factor for preterm birth: Variation by ethnic group. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1997;89(2):206oe212.
18. Juarbe TC. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Latina women. Review. Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing 1998;13(2):17oe27.
19. LeClere FB and Wilson JB. Smoking behavior of recent mothers, 18oe44 years of age, before and after pregnancy: United States, 1990. Advance Data 25 July 1997;(288):111.
20. McFarlane J, Parker B, and Soeken K. Physical abuse, smoking, and substance use during pregnancy: Prevalence, interrelationships, and effects on birth weight. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing 1996;25(4):313oe320.
21. Peterson GW, Cobas JA, Balcazar H, and Amling JW. Acculturation and risk behavior among pregnant Mexican American females: A structural equation model. Sociological Inquiry 1998;68(4):536oe556.
22. Pletsch PK. Prevalence of cigarette smoking in Hispanic women of childbearing age. Nursing Research 1991;40(2):103oe106.
23. Pletsch PK and Johnson MK. The cigarette smoking experience of pregnant Latinas in the United States. Health Care for Women International 1996;17(6):549oe562.
24. Rickert VI, Wiemann CM, and Berenson AB. Ethnic differences in depressive symptomatology among young women. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2000;95(1):55oe60.
25. Sanders-Phillips K. Health promotion behavior in low income black and Latino women. Women Health 1994;21(2oe3):71oe83.
26. Sanders-Phillips K. Correlates of health promotion behaviors in low-income Black women and Latinas. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1996;12(6):450oe458.
27. Smith KW and McGraw SA. Smoking behavior of Puerto Rican women: Evidence from caretakers of adolescents in two urban areas. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 1993;15(1):140oe149.
28. Symanski E and Hertz-Picciotto I. Blood lead levels in relation to menopause, smoking, and pregnancy history. American Journal of Epidemiology 1995;141(11):1047oe1058.
29. Wiemann CM, Berenson AB, and San Miguel VV. Tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use among pregnant women: Age and racial/ethnic differences. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1994;39(10):769oe776.
30. Wiemann CM, Berenson AB, and Landwehr BM. Racial and ethnic correlates of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use in a pregnant population. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1995;40(8):571oe578.
31. Wiemann CM and Berenson AB. Factors associated with recent and discontinued alcohol use by pregnant adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health 1998;22(5):417oe423.
32. Wolff CB, Portis M, and Wolff H. Birth weight and smoking practices during pregnancy among Mexican-American women. Health Care for Women International 1993;14(3):271oe279.33. Wolff CB and Portis M. Smoking, acculturation, and pregnancy outcome among Mexican Americans. Health Care for Women International 1996;17(6):563oe573.
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